On the geometric approach to the motion of inertial mechanical systems
Résumé
According to the principle of least action, the spatially periodic motions of one-dimensional mechanical systems with no external forces are described in the Lagrangian formalism by geodesics on a manifold-configuration space, the group of smooth orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms of the circle. The periodic inviscid Burgers equation is the geodesic equation on that group, with the L2 right-invariant metric. However, the exponential map for this right-invariant metric is not a local diffeomorphism and the geometric structure is therefore deficient. On the other hand, the geodesic equation on for the H1 right-invariant metric is also a re-expression of a model in mathematical physics. We show that in this case the exponential map is a local diffeomorphism and that if two diffeomorphisms are sufficiently close, they can be joined by a unique length-minimizing geodesic. A state of the system is transformed to another nearby state by going through a uniquely determined flow that minimizes the energy. We also analyse for both metrics the breakdown of the geodesic flow.