Water in Star-forming Regions with the Herschel Space Observatory (WISH). I. Overview of Key Program and First Results

E. F. van Dishoeck (1, 2) , L. E. Kristensen (2) , A. O. Benz (3) , E. A. Bergin (4) , P. Caselli (5) , J. Cernicharo (6) , Fabrice Herpin (7, 8, 9, 10) , M. R. Hogerheijde (11) , D. Johnstone (12) , R. Liseau (11) , B. Nisini (13) , R. Shipman (11) , M. Tafalla (11) , F. van Der Tak (14) , F. Wyrowski (15) , Y. Aikawa (11) , R. Bachiller (14) , Alain Baudry (7, 8, 9, 10, 16) , M. Benedettini (14) , P. Bjerkeli (11) , G. A. Blake (17) , Sylvain Bontemps (7, 8, 9, 10) , J. Braine (7, 8, 9, 10) , C. Brinch (11) , S. Bruderer (1) , L. Chavarria (7, 8, 9, 10) , C. Codella (14) , F. Daniel (6, 18, 19) , Th. de Graauw (11) , E. Deul (11) , A. M. Di Giorgio (11) , C. Dominik (20) , S. D. Doty (21) , M. L. Dubernet (18) , P. Encrenaz (18) , H. Feuchtgruber (11) , M. Fich (11) , W. Frieswijk (11) , A. Fuente (14) , T. Giannini (11) , J. R. Goicoechea (18) , F. P. Helmich (11) , G. J. Herczeg (1) , T. Jacq (7, 8, 9, 10) , J. K. Jørgensen (11) , A. Karska (11) , M. J. Kaufman (11) , E. Keto (11) , B. Larsson (14) , B. Lefloch (14) , D. Lis (14) , M. Marseille (7, 8, 9, 10, 22) , C. Mccoey (11) , G. Melnick (14) , D. Neufeld (14) , M. Olberg (23) , L. Pagani (18) , O. Panić (11) , B. Parise (24) , J. C. Pearson (11) , R. Plume (25) , C. Risacher (26) , D. Salter (11) , J. Santiago-García (11) , P. Saraceno (27) , P. Stäuber (11) , T. A. van Kempen (11) , R. Visser (11) , S. Viti (14) , M. Walmsley (11) , S. F. Wampfler (3) , U. A. Yildiz (11)

1 MPE - Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik
2 Leiden Observatory [Leiden]
3 Institute of Astronomy [ETH Zürich]
4 Department of Astronomy [Ann Arbor]
5 OAA - INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri
6 CAB - Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid]
7 LAB - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac]
8 OASU - Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers
9 UB - Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1
10 L3AB - Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux
11 FL - foreign laboratories
12 Natl Res Council Canada, Herzberg Inst Astrophys, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7 Canada
13 OAR - INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma
14 IPAG - Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble
15 MPIFR - Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie
16 ESO - European Southern Observatory
17 LOCIE - LabOratoire proCédés énergIe bâtimEnt
18 LERMA - Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique
19 ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris
20 AI PANNEKOEK - Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek
21 Department of Physics and Astronomy [Granville, OH]
22 SRON - SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
23 Onsala Space Observatory
24 CESR - Centre d'étude spatiale des rayonnements
25 Department of Physics and Astronomy [Calgary]
26 ESO
27 IFSI - Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario

Water In Star-forming regions with Herschel (WISH) is a key program on the Herschel Space Observatory designed to probe the physical and chemical structures of young stellar objects using water and related molecules and to follow the water abundance from collapsing clouds to planet-forming disks. About 80 sources are targeted, covering a wide range of luminosities-from low ( < 1 L&sun; ) to high (> 105 L&sun; )-and a wide range of evolutionary stages-from cold prestellar cores to warm protostellar envelopes and outflows to disks around young stars. Both the HIFI and PACS instruments are used to observe a variety of lines of H2 O , H2 O 18 and chemically related species at the source position and in small maps around the protostars and selected outflow positions. In addition, high-frequency lines of CO, 13CO, and C O 18 are obtained with Herschel and are complemented by ground-based observations of dust continuum, HDO, CO and its isotopologs, and other molecules to ensure a self-consistent data set for analysis. An overview of the scientific motivation and observational strategy of the program is given, together with the modeling approach and analysis tools that have been developed. Initial science results are presented. These include a lack of water in cold gas at abundances that are lower than most predictions, strong water emission from shocks in protostellar environments, the importance of UV radiation in heating the gas along outflow walls across the full range of luminosities, and surprisingly widespread detection of the chemically related hydrides OH+ and H2 O+ in outflows and foreground gas. Quantitative estimates of the energy budget indicate that H2 O is generally not the dominant coolant in the warm dense gas associated with protostars. Very deep limits on the cold gaseous water reservoir in the outer regions of protoplanetary disks are obtained that have profound implications for our understanding of grain growth and mixing in disks.

Mots clés: ISM

Domaines: Astrophysique galactique [astro-ph.GA]; Astrophysique galactique [astro-ph.GA]

E. F. van Dishoeck, L. E. Kristensen, A. O. Benz, E. A. Bergin, P. Caselli, et al.. Water in Star-forming Regions with the Herschel Space Observatory (WISH). I. Overview of Key Program and First Results. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2011, 123, pp.138-170. ⟨10.1086/658676⟩. ⟨hal-00633381⟩