Changements politiques et nouveaux modes de gestion municipale dans les villes françaises (1971-1989).
Résumé
Political changes and new models of municipal management in the French cities
This text presents some aspects of the evolution of the political situation and the municipal government in the French cities from 1975 to 1989. In the Fifties and Sixties three models of municipal management and local leadership are dominant: a “left partisan model” mainly in the communes of the working suburbs, a “caretaking model” in the middle towns and the a “technocratic, apolitical model” in the large cities. These models are disputed in the Seventies and Eighties by the urban social movements and of new political tendencies. Two new projects, a “left participationnist model” and a “new conservativevand populist model” try to be established at the time of the local elections of 1977 then of 1983. Their common point is to want to give a greater place to the direct influence of the citizens in the local decision-making processes and to found a more transparent system, more open, more participative of development of the local policies. From the data of research Fiscal Austerity and Urban Innovation, one sought to test hypothesis about the impact of these two models on the financial management of the cities. The assumption according to which the “participationnist model” induces a stronger growth of the administrative expenditures is confirmed. The validation of the hypothesis according to which the model “néo-conservateur” is associated a reduction or a deceleration of the growth of the expenditure and tax pressure is less clearly established.
This text presents some aspects of the evolution of the political situation and the municipal government in the French cities from 1975 to 1989. In the Fifties and Sixties three models of municipal management and local leadership are dominant: a “left partisan model” mainly in the communes of the working suburbs, a “caretaking model” in the middle towns and the a “technocratic, apolitical model” in the large cities. These models are disputed in the Seventies and Eighties by the urban social movements and of new political tendencies. Two new projects, a “left participationnist model” and a “new conservativevand populist model” try to be established at the time of the local elections of 1977 then of 1983. Their common point is to want to give a greater place to the direct influence of the citizens in the local decision-making processes and to found a more transparent system, more open, more participative of development of the local policies. From the data of research Fiscal Austerity and Urban Innovation, one sought to test hypothesis about the impact of these two models on the financial management of the cities. The assumption according to which the “participationnist model” induces a stronger growth of the administrative expenditures is confirmed. The validation of the hypothesis according to which the model “néo-conservateur” is associated a reduction or a deceleration of the growth of the expenditure and tax pressure is less clearly established.
Ce texte présente quelques aspects de l'évolution de la situation politique, du gouvernement municipal et de la gestion communale des villes françaises de 1975 à 1989. Dans les années cinquante et soixante trois modèles de gestion municipale et de leadership local sont dominants : le modèle partisan de gauche principalement dans les communes des banlieues ouvrières, le modèle notabiliaire conservateur dans les villes moyennes et le modèle technocratique, apolitique et moderniste dans les grandes villes. Ces modèles sont contestés dans les années soixante-dix et quatre-vingt par les mouvements sociaux urbains et de nouvelles tendances politiques. Deux nouveaux projets, le modèle participationniste de gauche et le modèle néo conservateur populiste tentent de s'implanter à l'occasion des élections municipales de 1977 puis de 1983. Leur point commun est de vouloir donner une plus grande place à l'influence directe des citoyens dans les processus de décisions locaux et d'instaurer un système plus transparent, plus ouvert, plus participatif d'élaboration des politiques locales. A partir des données de la recherche Fiscal Austerity and Urban Innovation, on a cherché à tester des hypothèses concernant l'impact réel de ces deux modèles sur la gestion financière des villes. L'hypothèse selon laquelle le modèle participationniste induit une croissance plus forte des dépenses de fonctionnement est confirmée. La validation de l'hypothèse selon laquelle le modèle "néo-conservateur" est associé à une diminution ou un ralentissement de la croissance des dépenses et de la pression fiscale est moins clairement établie.
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