De la fragmentation au fédéralisme, le gouvernement métropolitain d' une grande ville française, Toulouse.
Résumé
From fragmentation to Federalism, the metropolitan government in a french large city, Toulouse, France.
This paper examines the changes of the urban governance in the metropolitan surface of Toulouse which includes 78 communes where 761000 inhabitants reside. As in the majority of the French cities, the local government is very fragmented until the end of the Eighties; the various urban services are delivered by many associations of commune. This pragmatic form of governance made it possible the communes to preserve their identity and their autonomy of decision which is at the base of the traditional model of local democracy. But this fragmented government is impotent to face the new stakes posed by the competition between the cities in Europe, the urban growth and the reinforcement of the residential segregation. Does the recent creation, under the incentive of the central state, of a metropolitan government, with many competences and a taxing right open the way with the construction of a strong metropolitan government?
This paper examines the changes of the urban governance in the metropolitan surface of Toulouse which includes 78 communes where 761000 inhabitants reside. As in the majority of the French cities, the local government is very fragmented until the end of the Eighties; the various urban services are delivered by many associations of commune. This pragmatic form of governance made it possible the communes to preserve their identity and their autonomy of decision which is at the base of the traditional model of local democracy. But this fragmented government is impotent to face the new stakes posed by the competition between the cities in Europe, the urban growth and the reinforcement of the residential segregation. Does the recent creation, under the incentive of the central state, of a metropolitan government, with many competences and a taxing right open the way with the construction of a strong metropolitan government?
Ce texte examine les changements de la gouvernance urbaine dans l'aire métropolitaine de Toulouse qui comprend 78 communes où résident 761000 habitants. Comme dans la plupart des villes françaises, le gouvernement local est très fragmenté jusqu'à la fin des années 80 ; les différents services urbains sont délivrés par de nombreuses associations de commune. Cette forme pragmatique de gouvernance a permis aux communes de conserver leur identité et leur autonomie de décision qui est à la base du modèle traditionnel de démocratie locale. Mais ce gouvernement fragmenté est impuissant à faire face aux nouveaux enjeux posés par la compétition entre les villes en Europe, la reprise de la croissance urbaine et le renforcement de la ségrégation résidentielle. La création récente sous l'influence du pouvoir central et d'une pression locale, d'un gouvernement métropolitain, avec de nombreuses compétences et un pouvoir fiscal important ouvre-t-elle la voie à la construction d'un véritable pouvoir d'agglomération ?
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